Chip shortages fuel expansion of fab facilities, driving water demand. The U.S. Department of Commerce, on 25 January 2022, reported semiconductor buyers currently have less than a five-day supply of chips on hand, down 88% from 2019 inventory. The continued supply-demand imbalance is driving chip producers—Intel, TSMC, and Samsung—to expand fabrication facilities in water-scarce regions like Arizona and Texas, and to invest up to US$20 billion.